A
Ability-to-payprinciple能力纳税原则
Theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden
Absoluteadvantage绝对优势
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity
Aggregate-demandcurve总需求曲线
Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyatanypricelevel
Aggregate-supplycurve总供给曲线
Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellatanylevel
Appreciation升值
Anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy
Automaticstabilizers自动稳定器
Changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateaction
Averagefixedcost平均固定成本
Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagerevenue平均收益
Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold
Averagetaxrate平均税率
Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
Averagetotalcost平均总成本
Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagevariablecost平均可变成本
Variablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Accelerator加速数
theeffectonGDPoftheincreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromanincreaseinoutput.Forinstance,thegreateroutputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemandforitsproductswillriseinthefuture;theresultingincreaseininvestmentleadstogrowthinoutputandstillfurtherincreasesininvestment,acceleratingtheexpansionoftheeconomy
Acquiredendowments后天禀赋
resourcesacountrybuildsforitself,likeanetworkofroadsoraneducatedpopulation
Adaptiveexpectations适应性预期
expectationsbasedontheextrapolationofeventsintherecentpastintothefuture
aggregateexpendituresschedule总支出曲线
acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetweenexpenditures--thesumofconsumption,investment,governmentexpenditures,andnetexports--andthenationalincome,atafixedpricelevel
antitrustlaws反托拉斯法
lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepracticesandencouragegreatercompetition
arbitrage套利
theprocessbywhichassetswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,andtaxtreatmentarepricedtoyieldcomparableexpectedreturns
adverseselection逆向选择
principlethatsaysthatthosewhomostwanttobuyinsurancetendtobethosemostatrisk,butchargingahighpriceforinsurance(tocoverthehighrisk)willdiscouragethoseatlessriskfrombuyinginsuranceatall
asset资产
anyitemthatislong-lived,purchasedfortheserviceitrendersoveritslifeandforwhatonewillreceivewhenonesellsit
assistanceinkind实物援助
publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsandservices,likefoodormedicalcare,ratherthancash
asymmetricinformation信息不对称
asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhavedifferentinformation,aswhenthesellerorausedcarhasmoreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyer
autonomousconsumption自主消费
thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincome
averagecosts平均成本
thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutput
averageproductivity平均产量
totalquantitydividedbythetotalquantityofinput
B
Benefitsprinciple受益原则
Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices
Bond债券
Acertificateofindebtedness
Budgetconstraint预算约束
Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanafford
Budgetdeficit预算赤字
Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts
Budgetsurplus预算盈余
Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendin
barrierstoentry进入障碍
factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,suchasgovernmentrulesorpatents
basiccompetitivemodel基本竞争模型
themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsofself-interestedconsumers,profitmaximizingfirms,andperfectlycompetitivemarkets
bequestsavingsmotive储蓄的遗产动机
peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheirchildren
Bertrandcompetition伯特兰竞争
anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtokeepingtheirpricesfixedandthatcustomerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerprices
bilateraltrade双边贸易
tradebetweentwoparties
boom繁荣
aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyusedandGDPisgrowingsteadily
C
Capital资本
Theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservices
Capitalflight资本外流
Alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountry
Cartel卡特尔
Agroupoffirmsactinginunison
Catch-upeffect追赶效应
Thepropertythatcountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrich
Centralbank中央银行
Aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomy
Ceterisparibus其它条件相同
ALatinphrase,translatedas'otherthingsbeingequal,'usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant
Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图
Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms
Classicaldichotomy古典二分法
Thetheoreticalseparationofnominalandrealvariables
Closedeconomy封闭经济
Aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworld
Coasetheorem科斯定理
Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown
Collectivebargaining集体谈判
Theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment
Collusion勾结
Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge
Commoditymoney商品货币
Moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue
Commonresources共有资源
Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable
Comparableworth同工同酬
Adoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshouldbepaidthesamewage
Comparativeadvantage比较优势
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Compensatingwagedifferential补偿性工资差别
Adifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs
Competitivemarket竞争市场
Amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker
Complements互补品
Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheothergood
Constantreturnstoscale规模收益不变
Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges
Consumerpriceindex消费物价指数
Ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer
Consumersurplus消费者剩余
Abuyer'swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays
Consumption消费
Spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing
Cost成本
Thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood
Cost-benefitanalysis成本—收益分析
Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
Crowding-outeffect挤出效应Theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyraisestheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspending
Currency通货
Thepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublic
Cyclicalunemployment周期性失业
Thedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalrate
capitalgain资本增值
theincreaseinthevalueofanassetbetweenthetimeitispurchasedandthetimeitissold
capitalmarket资本市场
themarketinwhichsavingsaremadeavailabletoinvestors
categoricalassistance分类帮助
publicassistanceaimedataparticularcategoryofpeople,liketheelderlyorthedisabled
causation因果关系
relationshipthatresultswhenanchangeinonevariableisnotonlycorrelatedwithbutactuallycausesthechangeinanotherone
centralplanning中央计划
thesysteminwhichcentralgovernmentbureaucrats(asopposedtoprivateentrepreneursorevenlocalgovernmentbureaucrats)determinewhatwillbeproducedanhowitwillbeproduced
centralization集权
organizationalstructureinwhichdecisionmakingisconcentratedatthetop
centrallyplannedeconomy中央计划经济
aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresourceallocationaremadebythecentralgovernment
certificateofdeposit(CD)存单
accountinwhichmoneyisdepositedforapresetlengthoftime,thatmustyieldaslightlyhigherreturntocompensateforthereducedliquidity
circularflow循环流程
howfundsmovethroughthecapital,labor,andproductmarketsbetweenhouseholds,firms,thegovernment,andtheforeignsector
classicaleconomists古典经济学家
economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwhobelievedthatthebasiccompetitivemodelprovidedagooddescriptionoftheeconomyandthatifshortperiodsofunemploymentdidoccur,marketforceswouldquicklyrestoretheeconomytofullemployment
classicalunemployment古典失业
unemploymentthatresultsfromtoo-highrealwages;itoccursinthesupplyconstrainedequilibrium,sothatrightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethelevelofunemployment
competitiveequilibriumprice竞争性均衡价格
thepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedareequaltoeachother
consumerprotectionlegislation消费者保护法
lawsaimedatprotectingconsumers,forinstancebyassuringthatconsumershavemorecompleteinformationaboutitemstheyareconsideringbuying
consumersovereignty消费者权益
theprinciplethatholdsthateachindividualisthebestjudgeofwhatmakeshimbetteroff
consumptionfunction消费函数
therelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumption
contingencyclauses应变条款
statementswithinacontractthatmakethelevelofpaymentortheworktobeperformedconditionaluponvariousfactors
corporateincometax公司所得税
ataxbasedontheincome,orprofit,receivedbyacorporation
correlation相关
relationshipthatresultswhenachangeinonevariableisconsistentlyassociatedwithachangeinanotherone
cost-pushinflation成本推动型通货膨胀
inflationwhoseinitialcauseisariseinproductioncosts
Cournotcompetition古诺竞争
anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtoacertainlevelofproductionandthatrivalswillreducetheirpricesasneededtosellthatamount
credentialscompetition文凭竞争
thetrendinwhichprospectiveworkersacquirehighereducationalcredentials,notsomuchbecauseofanythingtheyactuallylearnintheprocessbuttoconvincepotentialemployerstohirethembysignalingthattheywillbemoreproductiveemployeesthanthosewithweakercredentials
creditconstrainteffect信贷约束效应
whenpricesfall,firms'revenuesalsofall,butthemoneytheyowecreditorsremainsunchanged;asaresult,firmshavefewerfundsoftheirowntoinvest.Becauseofcreditrationing,firmscannotmakeupthedifference;accordingly,investmentdecreases
creditrationing信贷配给
creditisrationedwhennolenderiswillingtomakealoantoaborrowerortheamountlendersarewillingtolendtoborrowersislimited,eveniftheborroweriswillingtopaymorethanotherborrowersofcomparableriskwhoaregettingloans
crosssubsidization交叉补贴
thepracticeofcharginghigherpricestoonegroupofconsumersinordertosubsidizelowerpricesforanothergroup
D
Deadweightloss无谓损失
Thereductionintotalsurplusthatresultsfromatax
Demandcurve需求曲线
Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Demanddeposits活期存款
Balancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheck
Demandschedule需求表
Atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Depreciation贬值
Adecreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy
Depression萧条
Asevererecession
Diminishingmarginalproduct边际产量递减
Thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases
Thepropertythatthemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases
Diminishingreturns收益递减
Thepropertythatthebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases
Discountrate贴现率
TheinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanks
Discouragedworkers丧失信心的工人
Individualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforajob
Discrimination歧视
Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,sex,age,orotherpersonalcharacteristics
Diseconomiesofscale规模不经济
Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases
Dominantstrategy优势战略
Astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayers
debt债务
capital,suchasbondsandbankloans,suppliedtoafirmbylenders;thefirmpromisestorepaytheamountborrowedwithinterest
decentralization分权化
organizationalstructureinwhichmanyindividualsorsubunitscanmakedecisions
decisiontree决策树
adeviceforstructureddecisionmakingthatspellsoutthechoicesandpossibleconsequencesofalternativeactions
deficitspending赤字支出
thesituationthatexistswhengovernmentexpendituresaregreaterthanrevenues
deflation通货紧缩
apersistentdecreaseinthegenerallevelofprices
demand-constrainedequilibrium受需求约束的平衡
theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevelabovethatatwhichaggregatedemandequalsaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpricelevel
demand-pullinflation需求拉动型通货膨胀
inflationwhoseinitialcauseisaggregatedemandexceedingaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpricelevel
demographiceffects人口效应
effectsthatarisefromchangesincharacteristicsofthepopulationsuchasage,birthrates,andlocation
deregulation放松管制
theliftingofgovernmentregulationstoallowthemarkettofunctionmorefreely
devaluation贬值
areductionintherateofexchangebetweenonecurrencyandothercurrenciesunderafixedexchangeratesystem
developedcountries发达国家或工业化国家
thewealthiestnationsintheworld,includingWesternEurope,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,Australia,andNewZealand
diminishingmarginalutility边际效用递减
theprinciplethatsaysthatasanindividualconsumesmoreandmoreofagood,eachsuccessiveunitincreasesherutility,orenjoyment,lessandless
dividends股息
thatportionofcorporateprofitspaidouttoshareholders
downwardrigidityofwages工资下降刚性
thesituationthatexistswhenwagesdonotfallquicklyinresponsetoashiftinthedemandorsupplycurveforlabor,resultinginanexcesssupplyoflabor
dualeconomy二元经济
theseparationinmanyLDCsbetweenanimpoverishedruralsectorandanurbansectorthathashigherwagesandmoreadvancedtechnology
duopoly双头垄断
anindustrywithonlytwofirms
durablegoods耐用品
goodsthatprovideaserviceoveranumberofyears,suchascars,majorappliances,andfurniture
dynamicconsistency动态一致性
apolicyissaidtohavedynamicconsistencywhengovernmentannouncesacourseofactionandthenhastheincentivestoactuallycarryoutthatpolicy
E
Economics经济学
Thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources
Economiesofscale规模经济
Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases
Efficiency效率
Thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety;Thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
Efficiencywages效率工资
Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivity
Efficientscale有效规模
Thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost
Elasticity弹性
Ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
Equilibrium均衡
Asituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbroughtintobalance
Equilibriumprice均衡价格
Thepricethatbalancessupplyanddemand
Equilibriumquantity均衡数量
Thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupplyanddemand
Equity平等
Thefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthevariousbuyersandsellers;Thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety
Excessdemand超额需求
Asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied
Excesssupply超额供给
Asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded
Excludability排他性
Thepropertyofagoodthatapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit
Exports出口
Goodsandservicesthatareproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad;Goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad
Externality外部性
Theimpactofoneperson'sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
economicrents经济租金
paymentsmadetoafactorthatareinexcessofwhatisrequiredtoelicitthesupplyofthatfactor
efficiencywagetheory效率工资理论
thetheorythatpayinghigherwages(uptoapoint)lowerstotalproductioncosts,forinstancebyleadingtoamoreproductivelaborforce
economiesofscope范围经济
whatexistswhenitislessexpensivetoproducetwoproductstogetherthanitwouldbetoproduceeachoneseparately
efficientmarketstheory有效市场理论
thetheorythatallavailableinformationisreflectedinthecurrentpriceofanasset
elasticityoflaborsupply劳动供给弹性
thepercentagechangeinlaborsuppliedresultingfroma1%changeinwages
equity,shares,stock股票
termsthatindicatepartownershipofafirm,whichthefirmsellsinordertoraisemoney,orcapital
equitycapital股份资本
capital,suchasshares(orstock),suppliedtoafirmbyitsowners(shareholders);thereturnsreceivedbytheownersarenotguaranteedbutdependonhowwellthefirmdoes
exchangeefficiency交换的效率
theconditioninwhichwhatevertheeconomyproducesisdistributedamongindividualsinanefficientway
exchangerate汇率
therateatwhichonecurrency(suchasdollars)canbeexchangedforanother(suchasmarks,yen,orpounds)
excisetax货物税
ataxonaparticulargoodorservice
expectedreturn预期收益
theaveragereturn--asinglenumberthatcombinesthevariouspossiblereturnsperdollarinvestedwiththechancesthateachofthesereturnswillactuallybepaid
export-ledgrowth出口导向型增长
thestrategythatgovernmentshouldencourageexportsinwhichthecountryhasacomparativeadvantagetostimulategrowth
F
Factorsofproduction生产要素
Theinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices
FederalReserve(Fed)联邦储备
ThecentralbankoftheUnitedStates
Fiatmoney法定货币
Moneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecree
Financialintermediaries金融中介机构
Financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers
Financialmarkets金融市场
Financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers
Financialsystem金融体系
Thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchoneperson'ssavingwithanotherperson'sinvestment
Fishereffect费雪效应
Theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrate
Fixedcost固定成本
Coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced
Fractional-reservebanking部分准备金银行体系
Abankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionofdepositsasreserves
Freerider搭便车者
Apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit
factordemand要素需求
theamountofaninputdemandedbyafirm,giventhepriceoftheinputandthequantityofoutputbeingproduced;aninputwillbedemandeduptothepointwherethevalueoftheinput'smarginalproductequalsthepriceoftheinput
federalgovernmentstructure联邦政府结构
asysteminwhichgovernmentactivitytakesplaceatseverallevels--national,state,county,city,andothers
firmwealtheffect厂商的财富效应
lowerpricesorlowerdemandcausefirms'profitsandnetworthtofall,andthismakesthemlesswillingtoundertaketherisksinvolvedwithinvestment
fiscalpolicies财政政策
policiesthataffectthelevelofgovernmentexpendituresandtaxes
fixedexchangeratesystem固定汇率体系
anexchangeratesysteminwhichthevalueofeachcurrencyisfixedinrelationshiptoothercurrencies
flexibleexchangeratesystem浮动汇率体系
asysteminwhichexchangeratesaredeterminedbymarketforces,thelawofsupplyanddemand,withoutgovernmentinterference
fixedoroverheadinputs不变投入或分摊投入
inputsthatdonotchangedependingonthequantityofoutput,atleastovertheshortterm
flowstatistics流量统计
measurementsofacertainrateofquantityperperiodoftime,suchasGDP,whichmeasuresoutputperyear
full-employmentdeficit充分就业赤字
thebudgetdeficitthatwouldhaveprevailediftheeconomywereatfullemployment,thuswithhighertaxrevenuesandlowerpublicassistanceexpenditures
full-employmentoutput/potentialoutput充分就业产出或潜在产出
thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefullyemployed(outputmayexceedthatlevelifworkersworkmorethanthenormallevelofovertime
G
GDPdeflator平减指数
AmeasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100
Gametheory博弈理论
Thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations
Giffengood吉芬物品
Agoodforwhichanincreaseinthepriceraisesthequantitydemanded
Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)国内生产总值
Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime
Grossnationalproduct(GNP)国名生产总值
Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedbypermanentresidentsofanationwithinagivenperiodoftime
gainsfromtrade交易所得
thebenefitsthateachsideenjoysfromatrade
GDPpercapita人均国内生产总值
thevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedintheeconomydividedbypopulation
generalequilibriumanalysis一般均衡分析
asimultaneousanalysisofallcapital,product,andlabormarketsthroughouttheeconomy
Ginicoefficient基尼系数
ameasureofinequality(equaltotwicetheareabetweenthe45degreelineandtheLorenzcurve)
greenrevolution绿色革命
theinventionanddisseminationofnewseedsandagriculturalpracticesthatledtovastincreasesinagriculturaloutputinLDCsduringthe1960'sand1970's