H
Horizontalequity横向公平
Theideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamount
Humancapital人力资本
Theknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrougheducation,training,andexperience;Theaccumulationofinvestmentsinpeople,suchaseducationandon-the-jobtraining
horizontalintegration横向一体化
theintegrationofafirmwithotherfirmsproducingthesameproduct(atthesamelevelofproduction)
horizontalmerger横向兼并
amergerbetweentwofirmsthatproducethesamegoods
horizontalrestrictions横向约束
restrictions(suchasanagreementnottocompeteinpriceortoentereachothers'markets)bycompetingfirms(atthesamelevelofproduction,forinstance,amongproducers,oramongwholesalers,oramongretailers)
hostiletakeover恶意收购
whenonemanagementteam(onefirm)takesoverthecontrolofanother,againstthewillofthesecondfirm
I
Importquota进口限额
Alimitonthequantityofagoodthatcanbeproducedabroadandsolddomestically
Imports进口
Goodsandservicesthatareproducedabroadandsolddomestically
In-kindtransfers实物转移支付
Transferstothepoorgivenintheformofgoodsandservicesratherthancash
Incomeeffect收入效应
Thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumertoahigherorlowerindifferencecurve
Incomeelasticityofdemand需求收入弹性
Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers'income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome
Indexation指数化
Theautomaticcorrectionofadollarfigurefortheeffectsofinflationbylaworcontract
Indifferencecurves无差异曲线
CurvesthatshowconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumerthesamelevelofsatisfactionAgoodforwhichanincreaseinincomereducesthequantitydemanded
Inferiorgood低档商品
Agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseinquantitydemanded
Inflation通货膨胀
Anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy
Inflationrate通货膨胀率
Thepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiod
Internalizinganexternality外部性的内在化
Alteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions
Investment投资
Spendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includinghouseholdpurchasesofnewhousing
imperfectcompetition不完全竞争
anymarketstructureinwhichthereissomecompetitionbutfirmsfacedownward-slopingdemandcurves
implicitcontract隐含合同
anunwrittenunderstandingbetweentwogroupsinvolvedinanexchange,suchasanunderstandingbetweenemployerandemployeesthatemployeeswillreceiveastablewagethroughoutfluctuatingeconomicconditions
importfunction进口函数
therelationshipbetweenimportsandnationalincome
incompletemarkets不完全市场
situationsinwhichnomarketmayexistforsomegoodorforsomerisk,orinwhichsomeindividualscannotborrowforsomepurposes
increasing,constantordiminishingreturnstoscale规模收益递增/不变/递减
whenallinputsareincreasedbyacertainproportion,outputincreasesbyagreaterproportion(alsoknownaseconomiesofscale)
indexing指数化
theformallinkingofanypaymenttoapriceindex
individualincometax个人所得税
ataxbasedontheincomereceivedbyanyindividualorhousehold
infantindustryargumentforprotection幼稚工业保护论
theargumentthatindustriesmustbeprotectedfromforeigncompetitionwhiletheyareyoung,untiltheyhaveachancetoacquiretheskillstoenablethemtocompeteonequalterms
infiniteelasticityofdemand无限需求弹性
thesituationthatexistswhenanyamountwillbedemandedataparticularprice,butnothingwillbedemandedifthepricerisesevenasmallamount
infiniteelasticityofsupply无限供给弹性
situationthatexistswhenanyamountwillbesuppliedataparticularprice,butnothingwillbesuppliedifthepricefallsevenasmallamount
inflationtax通货膨胀税
thedecreaseinbuyingpower(wealth)thatinflationimposesonthosewhoholdcurrency(andotherassets,likebonds,thepaymentsforwhicharefixedintermsofdollars)
inflationaryspiral通货膨胀螺旋
aself-perpetuatingsysteminwhichpriceincreasesleadtohigherwages,whichleadtofurtherpriceincreases
infrastructure基础设施
theroads,ports,bridges,andlegalsystemthatprovidethenecessarybasisforaworkingeconomy
insider-outsidertheory局内人—局外人理论
thetheorythatfirmsarereluctanttopaynewworkers(outsiders)alowerwagethancurrentworkers(insiders),becausecurrentworkerswillfearbeingreplacedbythenewlog-wageworkersandwillnotparticipateincooperatingwithandtrainingthem
interest利息
thereturnasaverreceivesinadditiontotheoriginalamountshedeposited,andtheamountthataborrowermustpayinadditiontotheoriginalamountshedeposited
interestrateeffect利率效应
thesituationthatexistswhenlowerinterestrates(resultingfromanincreaseinthemoneysupply,orafallinthepricelevel)inducefirmstoinvestmore
investmentschedule投资曲线
therelationshipbetweenthelevelofinvestmentandthe(real)rateofinterest
investmenttaxcredit(ITC)投资税减免
aprovisionofthetaxcodeinwhichthegovernmentreducesacompany'staxbillbyanamountequaltoapercentageofitsspendingoninvestment
involuntaryunemployment非自愿失业
thesituationthatoccurswhenthesupplyofthosewillingtoworkatthegoingmarketwageexceedsthedemandforlabor
J
Jobsearch寻找工作
Theprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiventheirtastesandskills
K
Keynesianmonetarytheory凯恩斯货币理论
Keynesianunemployment凯恩斯失业
unemploymentthatoccursasaresultofinsufficientaggregatedemand;itarisesinthedemand-constrainedequilibrium(whereaggregatedemandislessthanaggregatesupply),sothatrightwardshiftsinaggregatedemandreducethelevelofunemployment
kinkeddemandcurve有折点的需求曲线
thedemandcurveperceivedbyanoligopolistwhobelievesthatrivalswillmatchanypricecutsbutwillnotmatchpriceincreases
L
Laborforce劳动力
Thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandunemployed
Labor-forceparticipationrate劳动力参工率
Thepercentageofthepopulationthatisinthelaborforce
Lawofdemand需求规律
Theclaimthat,otherthingsbeingequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
Lawofsupply供给规律
Theclaimthat,othersthingsbeingequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
Lawofsupplyanddemand供求规律
Theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthesupplyanddemandforthatgoodintobalance
LifeCycle生命周期
Theregularpatternofincomevariationoveraperson'slife
Liquidity流动性
Theeasewithwhichanassetcanbeconvertedintotheeconomy'smediumofexchange
Lump-sumtax定额税
Ataxthatisthesameamountforeveryperson
learningbydoing干中学
theincreaseinproductivitythatoccursasafirmgainsexperiencefromproducing,andthatresultsinadecreaseinthefirm'sproductioncosts
learningcurve学习曲线；经验曲线
thecurvedescribinghowcostsofproductiondeclineascumulativeoutputincreasesovertime
lessdevelopedcountries(LDCs)发展中国家
thepoorestnationsoftheworld,includingmuchofAfrica,LatinAmerica,andAsia
life-cyclehypothesis生命周期假说
thetheorythatindividualstypicallysavewhentheyareyoungandworkingandspendtheirsavingsastheyageandretire
life-cyclesavingsmotive生命周期储蓄动机
peoplesaveduringtheirworkinglivessothattheycanconsumemoreduringretirement
limitpricing限制性定价
thepracticeofchargingalowerpricethanthelevelatwhichmarginalrevenueequalsmarginalcost,asawayofdeterringentrybypersuadingpotentialcompetitorsthattheirprofitsfromenteringarelikelytobelimited
Lorenzcurve洛伦兹曲线
acurvethatshowsthecumulativeproportionofincomethatgoestoeachcumulativeproportionofthepopulation,startingwiththelowestincomegroup
Luddites卢德派分子
earlynineteenth-centuryworkmenwhodestroyedlabor-savingmachineryratherthanseeittakingovertheirjobs
M
Macroeconomics宏观经济学
Thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth
Marginalchanges边际变动
Smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction
Marginalcost边际成本
Theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproduction
Marginalproduct边际产量
Theincreaseinoutputthatarisesfromanadditionalunitofinput
Marginalproductoflabor劳动的边际产量
Theincreaseintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunitoflabor
Marginalrateofsubstitution边际替代率
Therateatwhichaconsumeriswillingtotradeonegoodforanother
Marginalrevenue边际收益
Thechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsold
Marginaltaxrate边际税率
Theextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincome
Market市场
Agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice
Marketeconomy市场经济
Aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices
Marketfailure市场失灵
Asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently
Marketforloanablefunds可贷资金市场
Themarketinwhichthosewhowanttosavesupplyfundsandthosewhowanttoborrowtoinvestdemandfunds
Marketpower市场力量
Theabilityofasingleeconomicfactor(orsmallgroupoffactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices
Mediumofexchange交换媒介
Anitemthatbuyersgivetosellerswhentheywanttopurchasegoodsandservices
Menucosts菜单成本
Thecostsofchangingprices
Microeconomics微观经济学
Thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets
Modelofaggregatesupplyandaggregatedemand总需求与总供给模型
Themodelthatmosteconomistsusetoexplainshort-runfluctuationsineconomicactivityarounditslong-runtrend
Monetaryneutrality货币中性
Thepropositionthatchangesinthemoneysupplydonotaffectrealvariables
Monetarypolicy货币政策
Thesettingofthemoneysupplybypolicymakersinthecentralbank
Money货币
Thesetofassetsintheeconomythatpeopleregularlyusetobuygoodsandservicesfromotherpeople
Moneymultiplier货币乘数
Theamountofmoneythebankingsystemgenerateswitheachdollarofreserves
Moneysupply货币供给
Thequantityofmoneyavailableintheeconomy
Monopolisticcompetition垄断竞争
Amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmssellproductsthataresimilarbutnotidentical
Monopoly垄断
Afirmthatisthesolesellerofaproductwithoutclosesubstitutes
Multipliereffect乘数效应
Theadditionalshiftsinaggregatedemandthatresultwhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyincreasesincomeandtherebyincreasesconsumerspending
Mutualfund共同基金
Aninstitutionthatsellssharestothepublicandusestheproceedstobuyaportfolioofstocksandbonds
M1,M2,M3货币供给量的度量
measuresofthemoneysupply:M1includescurrencyandcheckingaccounts;M2includesM1plussavingsdeposits,CDs,andmoneymarketfunds;M3includesM2pluslarge-denominationsavingsdepositsandinstitutionalmoneymarketmutualfunds
managerialslack管理松懈
thelackofmanagerialefficiency(forinstance,incuttingcosts)thatoccurswhenfirmsareinsulatedfromcompetition
marginalcostsandbenefits边际成本和边际收益
costsandbenefitsthatresultfromchoosingalittlebitmoreofonethingandalittlebitlessofanother
marginalpropensitytoconsume边际消费倾向
theamountbywhichconsumptionincreaseswhendisposableincomeincreasesbyadollar
marginalpropensitytoimport边际进口倾向
theamountbywhichimportsincreasewhendisposableincomeincreasesbyadollar
marginalpropensitytosave边际储蓄倾向
theamountbywhichsavingsincreasewhendisposableincomeincreasesbyadollar
marginalutility边际效用
theextrautility,orenjoyment,apersonreceivesfromtheconsumptionofoneadditionalunitofagoo
marketclearing市场出清
situationthatexistswhenthereisneitherexcesssupplynorexcessdemand
marketfailuresapproach市场失灵论
theargumentthatgovernmentmayhaveaneconomicroletoplaywhenmarketsfailtoproduceefficientoutcomes
marketlaborsupplycurve劳动的市场供给曲线
therelationshipbetweenthewagepaidandtheamountoflaborwillinglysupplied,foundbyaddingupthelaborsupplycurvesofallindividualsintheeconomy
medianvoter中间投票人
thevotersuchthathalfthepopulationhavepreferencesononesideofthisvoter(forinstance,theywanthighergovernmentexpendituresandtaxes),whiletheotherhalfofthepopulationhavepreferencesontheothersideofthisvoter(theywantlowertaxesandexpenditures)
meritgoodsandbads公益品和公害品
goodsthataredeterminedbythegovernmenttobegoodorbadforpeople,regardlessforwhetherpeopledesirethemforthemselvesornot
mixedeconomy混合经济
aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughamixtureofpublic(governmental)andprivatedecisionmaking
model模型
asetofassumptionsanddatausedbyeconomiststostudyanaspectoftheeconomyandmakepredictionsaboutthefutureorabouttheconsequencesofvariouspolicychanges
Modigliani-Millertheorem莫迪利安尼—米勒定理
thetheoremthatsaysthatunderasimplifiedsetofconditions,themannerinwhichafirmfinancesitselfdoesnotmatter
monetarists货币主义者
economistswhoemphasizetheimportanceofmoneyintheeconomy;theytendtobelievethatanappropriatemonetarypolicyisalltheeconomyneedsfromthegovernment,andmarketforceswillotherwisesolveanymacroeconomicproblems
moralhazard败德；道德陷阱
principlethatsaysthatthosewhopurchaseinsurancehaveareducedincentivetoavoidwhattheyareinsuredagainst
multiplier-acceleratormodel乘数—加速数模型
amodelthatrelatesbusinesscyclestotheinternalworkingsoftheeconomy,showinghowchangesininvestmentandoutputreinforceeachother;thecentralingredientsofthemodelarethemultiplierandtheaccelerator
multilateraltrade多边贸易
tradebetweenmorethantwoparties
N
Nashequilibrium纳什均衡
Asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchoosetheirbeststrategygiventhestrategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechosen
Nationalsaving(saving)国民储蓄
Thetotalincomeintheeconomythatremainsafterpayingforconsumptionandgovernmentpurchases
Naturalmonopoly自然垄断
Amonopolythatarisesbecauseasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms
Naturalrateofunemployment自然失业率
Thenormalrateofunemploymentaroundwhichtheunemploymentratefluctuates
Naturalresources自然资源
Theinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandservicesthatareprovidedbynature,suchasland,rivers,andmineraldeposits
Natural-ratehypothesis自然率假说
Theclaimthatunemploymenteventuallyreturnstoitsnormal,ornatural,rate,regardlessoftherateofinflation
Netexports净出口
Thevalueofanation'sexportsminusthevalueofitsimports,alsocalledthetradebalance;Spendingondomesticallyproducedgoodsbyforeigners(exports)minusspendingonforeigngoodsbydomesticresidents(imports)
Netforeigninvestment国外净投资
Thepurchaseofforeignassetsbydomesticresidentsminusthepurchaseofdomesticassetsbyforeigners
NominalGDP名义GDP
Theproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatcurrentprices
NominalVariables名义变量
Variablesmeasuredinmonetaryunits
Nominalexchangerate名义汇率
Therateatwhichapersoncantradethecurrencyofonecountryforthecurrencyofanother
Nominalinterestrate名义利率
Theinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrectionfortheeffectsofinflation
Normalgood正常物品
Agoodforwhichanincreaseinincomeraisesthequantitydemanded;Agoodforwhich,otherthingsbeingequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseinquantitydemanded
Normativestatements规范表述
Claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe
naturalendowments自然禀赋
acountry'snaturalresources,likegoodclimate,fertileland,orminerals
netexportfunction净出口函数
acurvethatgivesthelevelofnetexportsateachlevelofincome
netdomesticproduct(NDP)国内生产净值
GDPminusthevalueofthedepreciationofthecountry'scapitalgoods
newclassicaleconomists新古典经济学家
economistswho,beginninginthe1970;s,builtonthetraditionofclassicaleconomistsandbelievedthatbyandlarge,marketforces,iflefttothemselves,wouldsolvetheproblemsofunemploymentandrecessions
newgrowtheconomists新增长经济学家
economistswho,beginninginthe1980's,soughttounderstandbetterthebasicforcesthatledtheeconomytogrowfastatonetimeandsloweratanother,orsomecountriestogrowfasterthanothers
newKeynesianeconomists新凯恩斯主义经济学家
economistswho,beginningthe1980's,builtonthetraditionofKeynesianeconomistsandfocusedattentiononunemployment;theysoughtexplanationsforthefailureofwagesandpricestoadjusttomakelabormarketsandpossiblyothermarketsclear
newlyindustrializedcountries新工业化国家
nationsthathaverecentlymovedfrombeginquitepoortobeingmiddle-incomecountries;includingSouthKorea,Taiwan,Singapore,andHongKong
normativeeconomics规范经济学
economicsinwhichtheconclusionsrestonvaluejudgmentsaswellasfactsandtheories
O
Oligopoly寡头
Amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproducts
Openeconomy开放经济
Aneconomythatinteractsfreelywithothereconomiesaroundtheworld
Open-marketoperations公开市场活动
ThepurchaseandsaleofUnitedStatesgovernmentbondsbytheFed
Opportunitycost机会成本
Whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Okun'slaw奥肯定律
theobservationthatastheeconomypullsoutofarecession,outputincreasesmorethanproportionatelytoincreasesinemployment
opportunitysets机会集合
asummaryofthechoicesavailabletoindividuals,asdefinedbybudgetconstraintsandtimeconstraints
outputpercapita人均产量
anation'soutputdividedbythenumberofindividualsinthecountry
outputs产量
theoutcomesofaproductionprocess
overheadcosts管理费用
thecostsafirmmustpayjusttoremaininoperation.Theydonotdependonthescaleofproduction